A Skeleton Key to Reading

The first general catalogue of the New Rochelle Public Library was published in 1897; in it there were but four books listed on the subject of native Americans. Within a few years that collection grew to include many of the reports of the Bureau of American Ethnology whose mission was to organize anthropological research of indigenous cultures. One young reader of these massive reports was a neighborhood boy named Joseph Campbell, who lived just nearby the library, then situated at the corner of Pintard Avenue and Main Street. Young Campbell’s intellectual fascination for the native peoples of North America launched his career as a writer, professor of literature at Sarah Lawrence College, and author of path-breaking studies in comparative mythology and religion. His most famous and enduring work is The Hero with a Thousand Faces (1949) first issued by the Bollingen Foundation, which published the collected works of psychiatrist Carl Jung in English translation. 

Joseph Campbell (1904-1987) was also co-author of A Skeleton Key to Finnegans Wake (1944), the earliest thematic interpretation of James Joyce’s Finnegans Wake, which came out in book form in 1939. Finnegans Wake (aka “the Wake” for avid fans of Joyce) is likely one of the most difficult and perplexing reading experiences one might ever encounter. That’s putting it mildly, for Campbell introduced Joyce’s masterwork as a “monstrous enigma,” a strange book that is a “compound of fable, symphony, and nightmare.” Unraveling the multiple meanings twisted into each word of the Wake demands unusual dedication to the art of reading. As a scholar of world mythology Campbell arrived early at a fortuitous position for illuminating the riddles, teasing out the obscurities, and formulating tactics to explicate the inexplicable in Joyce’s fantastic apotheosis of word craft. Campbell and Robinson’s Skeleton Key has provided much-needed leverage to jiggle out a bit of foggy clarity from what has been deemed “the terminal book.”

However, reading the Wake is also a lot of fun – much more fun than Wordle or the Saturday crossword puzzle, as exciting as translating Shakespeare from Esperanto to Volapuk, and certainly more enriching than, say, golf.  Though one may need to consult encyclopedias and vast libraries for help, the single prerequisite to the study of the Wake is not the Skeleton Key, but rather Joyce’s earlier novel Ulysses (1922), one hundred years old this year. Ulysses is the quintessential modernist novel, widely appreciated for the endearing humanity of its protagonist, Leopold Bloom. The time frame of the novel is a single day: June 16, 1904, and hence we have Bloomsday, a secular holiday devoted to the art of reading. Both Ulysses and Finnegans Wake are challenging, to be sure; and Joseph Campbell leapfrogged over the former to excavate the multiple layers of meaning in the latter, a step that began to focus his investigation of world mythologies. 

In fact, Campbell borrowed a word – monomyth – that Joyce invented in the Wake, this to describe the hero’s journey as a model of story-telling and myth-making. Just as the physicist Murray Gell-Mann plucked the word quarks from the Wake to label a subatomic particle that is the constituent ingredient of protons and neutrons (putting Joycean spin on the matter), so too Campbell deployed monomyth to explain a narrative motif universal in myths and stories across many cultures. Not surprisingly, Campbell found Finnegans Wake to be a treasury of myth whose intricacies, with some study, serve to develop and improve our abilities in reading and writing. Focusing here on the Wake is not to abandon our celebration of Ulysses, but to suggest that Joseph Campbell, in his wide-ranging studies of psychology and comparative mythology, has helped develop our abilities to enrich the understanding of life and the problems of the world from the experience of reading books. It is tempting to believe that Campbell would have appreciated these literary slogans:

Reading is experience for the imagination.

Literature is equipment for living (Kenneth Burke).

What we read governs how we think. 

A poem is a machine made of words (William Carlos         Williams). 

Great writers demand great libraries. 

There are no good readers, only good re-readers

(Nabokov). 

Read the best books first, or you may not have a chance to

read them at all (Thoreau). 

Joseph Campbell well knew what the best books are, and he gave us a skeleton key to unlock one of the greatest. If you have yet to read Ulysses or Finnegans Wake, June 16th is the perfect time to begin.  These masterworks continue to fascinate because they lead us deep into worlds of story throughout the entire universe of books. 

Happy Bloomsday!

June 16, 2022 / David Rose / NRPL Archive 

Bloomsday and New Rochelle

Bloomsday: June 16

James Joyce's Ulysses has a reputation as one of the most challenging novels to read and understand. Yet every year on June 16 readers around the world celebrate the book on a literary holiday known as Bloomsday. Bloomsday gets its name from Leopold Bloom, the protagonist of Ulysses, whose action occurs on June 16, 1904. Bloomsday is an annual tribute to Ulysses, which is far-reaching, complex and encyclopedic. By extension to the whole world of books, Bloomsday is really a celebration of reading. If you enjoy reading books, then Bloomsday is your day. It is a secular holiday, a day of literary obligation, the High Holy Day of the modernist literati.

In the opinion of many, James Joyce was the greatest literary genius of the 20th century. His output was small in quantity of titles – the short stories of Dubliners and the novels A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, Ulysses, and Finnegans Wake, an impenetrable anti-novel that exceeds even Ulysses in its complexity. These are books whose depth of feeling, range of reference and understanding of the human condition place them in the handful of essential works of literature. Janet Flanner, a New Yorker correspondent, wrote, "The publication of Ulysses in 1922 was indubitably the most exciting, important, historic single literary event of the Paris expatriate literary colony. It burst over us, young in Paris, like an explosion in print whose words and phrases fell upon is like a gift of tongues. Joyce's Ulysses [was] part of the library of our minds."

Ulysses is a comic novel with much to teach us about the arts of reading in its departure from the norms of what a novel is. For those about to tackle Ulysses here are some helpful hints. First, on the narrative level, the novel is about a typical day in Dublin, Ireland focusing on three characters: Leopold Bloom, his wife Molly Bloom, and Stephen Dedalus. Through the technique of interior monologue the reader enters Bloom's mind to experience his thought process, the pathos of his emotions, and his curiosity about the world as well as all the lapses that make one human. Next, each of the book's 18 episodes has a set of symbolic correspondences to Homer's Odyssey, a time of day, a location in Dublin, an organ of the body, a representative color, an art, a unifying symbol, and a stylistic technique. Finally, Ulysses is jam-packed with fragments of poetry, drama, music, newspaper headlines, advertisements and experiments with language. Joyce also incorporated real people and events into the story that intrude in the dramatic unfolding of Leopold Bloom's travels through Dublin. One of those events tangentially involves the history of New Rochelle.

On June 15, 1904 the steamship General Slocum caught fire in the East River of New York City, leading to the death of most of its passengers. Over 1,000 people died, a disaster noted several times in Ulysses in action that took place the next day on June 16. In the "Wandering Rocks" episode of Ulysses we find: "He passed Grogan's the tobacconist against which newsboards leaned and told of a dreadful catastrophe in New York. In America those things were continually happening. Unfortunate for people to die like that, unprepared." While the General Slocum was not heading toward New Rochelle on that fateful day, the maritime disaster led to the economic decline of "Starin's Glen Island," a tourist destination of New Rochelle that was then enormously popular.

What does this snippet of history buried in Ulysses teach us? There are many symbolic overtones too numerous to parse here, but the

outstanding fact is that such detail of history is a node of meaning in a network of language that enriches the whole reading experience. In Ulysses there are so many "luminous details" that it takes several readings to savor the enjoyment of connecting them all. In this, Ulysses was uniquely designed to be re-read – our enjoyment expands with each new reading. For some, this might be too much to take. After all, Joyce once commented that he required of his readers nothing less than that they devote their entire lives to reading his works. On the other hand, Joyce considered literature a perpetual affirmation of the human spirit. This is what we must require of all literature and art. But in this case, if asked what Ulysses is "about," one would have to reply: Ulysses is about reading Ulysses.

Happy Bloomsday!

June 1, 2020 / David Rose / New Rochelle Public Library Archives